Segala puji bagi Allah Rab semesta alam, shalawat serta salam semoga tetap tercurah kepada Rasulullah y, beserta para keluarga, sahabat, dan orang-orang yang tetap istiqomah menegakkan risalah yang dibawanya hingga akhir zaman..
Wahai kaum muslimin ....Allah l telah menganugerahkan bermacam-macam keistimewaan dan keutamaan kepada umat ini. Diantara keistimewaan itu adalah hari Jum'at, setelah kaum Yahudi dan Nasrani dipalingkan darinya.Abu Hurairah zmeriwayatkan, Rasulullah bersabda:
"Allah telah memalingkan orang-orang sebelum kita untuk menjadikan hari Jum'at sebagai hari raya mereka, oleh karena itu hari raya orang Yahudi adalah hari Sabtu, dan hari raya orang Nasrani adalah hari Ahad, kemudian Allah memberikan bimbingan kepada kita untuk menjadikan hari Jum'at sebagai hari raya, sehingga Allah menjadikan hari raya secara berurutan, yaitu hari Jum'at, Sabtu dan Ahad. Dan di hari kiamat mereka pun akan mengikuti kita seperti urutan tersebut, walaupun di dunia kita adalah penghuni yang terakhir, namun di hari kiamat nanti kita adalah urutan terdepan yang akan diputuskan perkaranya sebelum seluruh makhluk". (HR. Muslim)
Al-Hafidz Ibnu Katsir berkata: "Hari ini dinamakan Jum'at, karena artinya merupakan turunan dari kata al-jam'u yang berarti perkumpulan, karena umat Islam berkumpul pada hari itu setiap pekan di balai-balai pertemuan yang luas. Allah l memerintahkan hamba-hamba-Nya yang mukmin berkumpul untuk melaksanakan ibadah kepada-Nya. Allah l berfirman:
"Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila diseru untuk menunaikan shalat pada hari Jum'at, maka bersegeralah kamu kepada mengingat Allah dan tinggalkanlah jual beli. Yang demikian itu lebih baik bagimu jika kamu mengetahui". (QS. 62:9)
Maksudnya, pergilah untuk melaksanakan shalat Jum'at dengan penuh ketenangan, konsentrasi dan sepenuh hasrat, bukan berjalan dengan cepat-cepat, karena berjalan dengan cepat untuk shalat itu dilarang. Al-Hasan Al-Bashri berkata: Demi Allah, sungguh maksudnya bukanlah berjalan kaki dengan cepat, karena hal itu jelas terlarang. Tapi yang diperintahkan adalah berjalan dengan penuh kekhusyukan dan sepenuh hasrat dalam hati. (Lihat Tafsir Ibnu Katsir : 4/385-386).
Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyah berkata: Hari Jum'at adalah hari ibadah. Hari ini dibandingkan dengan hari-hari lainnya dalam sepekan, laksana bulan Ramadhan dibandingkan dengan bulan-bulan lainnya. Waktu mustajab pada hari Jum'at seperti waktu mustajab pada malam lailatul qodar di bulan Ramadhan. (Zadul Ma'ad: 1/398).
KEUTAMAAN HARI JUM'AT
1. Hari Terbaik
Abu Hurairah z meriwayatkan bahwa Rasulullah y bersabada: "Hari terbaik dimana pada hari itu matahari terbit adalah hari Jum'at. Pada hari itu Adam diciptakan, dimasukkan surga serta dikeluarkan darinya. Dan kiamat tidak akan terjadi kecuali pada hari Jum'at
2. Terdapat Waktu Mustajab untuk Berdo'a.
Abu Hurairah z berkata Rasulullah y bersabda: " Sesungguhnya pada hari Jum'at terdapat waktu mustajab bila seorang hamba muslim melaksanakan shalat dan memohon sesuatu kepada Allah pada waktu itu, niscaya Allah akan mengabulkannya. Rasululllah y mengisyaratkan dengan tangannya menggambarkan sedikitnya waktu itu (H. Muttafaqun Alaih)Ibnu Qayyim Al Jauziah - setelah menjabarkan perbedaan pendapat tentang kapan waktu itu - mengatakan: "Diantara sekian banyak pendapat ada dua yang paling kuat, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam banyak hadits yang sahih, pertama saat duduknya khatib sampai selesainya shalat. Kedua, sesudah Ashar, dan ini adalah pendapat yang terkuat dari dua pendapat tadi (Zadul Ma'ad Jilid I/389-390).
3. Sedekah pada hari itu lebih utama dibanding sedekah pada hari-hari lainnya.
Ibnu Qayyim berkata: "Sedekah pada hari itu dibandingkan dengan sedekah pada enam hari lainnya laksana sedekah pada bulan Ramadhan dibanding bulan-bulan lainnya". Hadits dari Ka'ab z menjelaskan: "Dan sedekah pada hari itu lebih mulia dibanding hari-hari selainnya".(Mauquf Shahih)
4. Hari tatkala Allah l menampakkan diri kepada hamba-Nya yang beriman di Surga.
Sahabat Anas bin Malik z dalam mengomentari ayat: "Dan Kami memiliki pertambahannya" (QS.50:35) mengatakan: "Allah menampakkan diri kepada mereka setiap hari Jum'at".
5. Hari besar yang berulang setiap pekan.
Ibnu Abbas z berkata : Rasulullah y bersabda:"Hari ini adalah hari besar yang Allah tetapkan bagi ummat Islam, maka siapa yang hendak menghadiri shalat Jum'at hendaklah mandi terlebih dahulu ......". (HR. Ibnu Majah)
6. Hari dihapuskannya dosa-dosa
Salman Al Farisi z berkata : Rasulullah y bersabda: "Siapa yang mandi pada hari Jum'at, bersuci sesuai kemampuan, merapikan rambutnya, mengoleskan parfum, lalu berangkat ke masjid, dan masuk masjid tanpa melangkahi diantara dua orang untuk dilewatinya, kemudian shalat sesuai tuntunan dan diam tatkala imam berkhutbah, niscaya diampuni dosa-dosanya di antara dua Jum'at". (HR. Bukhari).
7. Orang yang berjalan untuk shalat Jum'at akan mendapat pahala untuk tiap langkahnya, setara dengan pahala ibadah satu tahun shalat dan puasa.
Aus bin Aus z berkata: Rasulullah y bersabda: "Siapa yang mandi pada hari Jum'at, kemudian bersegera berangkat menuju masjid, dan menempati shaf terdepan kemudian dia diam, maka setiap langkah yang dia ayunkan mendapat pahala puasa dan shalat selama satu tahun, dan itu adalah hal yang mudah bagi Allah". (HR. Ahmad dan Ashabus Sunan, dinyatakan shahih oleh Ibnu Huzaimah).
8. Wafat pada malam hari Jum'at atau siangnya adalah tanda husnul khatimah, yaitu dibebaskan dari fitnah (azab) kubur.
Diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Amru , bahwa Rasulullah y bersabda:"Setiap muslim yang mati pada siang hari Jum'at atau malamnya, niscaya Allah akan menyelamatkannya dari fitnah kubur". (HR. Ahmad dan Tirmizi, dinilai shahih oleh Al-Bani).
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Kamis, 11 September 2008
Rabu, 10 September 2008
english as a global language
English is a West Germanic language which arose historically from a number of Germanic varieties in England. As a result of the colonial history of the United Kingdom, it is the native language of much of the populations of numerous countries, including Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. It also functions as a lingua franca in international business, education and diplomacy, and is widely taught as a foreign or second language. Today, many other countries use English for official purposes or have adopted it as a national language, creating new varieties of English in nations such as India, Pakistan, Malaysia and Singapore.
Contents[hide]
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The History of English
Initially, Old English was a group of dialects reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. Because of the Viking raids and settlements in the north-eastern part of Britain from the late 8th century onward, the West-Saxon dialect, spoken in the only remaining free Anglo-Saxon kingdom (Wessex), naturally dominates the surviving written record. The Vikings, mostly from Denmark, but also to some extent from Norway, influenced the English language in the areas where they mixed with the Anglo-Saxon population.
Proto-English
The Germanic tribes who gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), traded with and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the process of the Germanic invasion of Europe from the East. Many Latin words for common objects therefore entered the vocabulary of these Germanic people even before any of these tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, dragon, fork, giant, gem, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, oil, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), soap, street, table, wall, and wine. The Romans also gave English words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, cat, chest, devil, dish, and sack.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around the year 449, Vortigern, King of the Britons, invited the "Angle kin" (Angles led by Hengest and Horsa) to help him in conflicts with the Picts. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the south-east of England. Further aid was sought, and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes). The Chronicle talks of a subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms, known as the heptarchy. Modern scholarship considers most of this story to be legendary, and politically motivated, and the identification of the tribes with the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes is no longer accepted as an accurate description (Myres, 1986, p. 46ff), especially since the Anglo-Saxon language is more similar to Frisian than any single one of the others.
Old English
See also: Old English
English emerged from many Germanic dialects that were brought by Germanic invaders from northwestern Europe, from what is now Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. The previous, mostly Celtic languages of the British Isles were largely driven westwards as their speakers retreated or intermingled with the new settlers, and today there is little evidence of their presence in the vocabulary of English. Eventually, the Saxon tribes of Wessex came to dominate, and it was their dialects that provided most of the foundations of what later came to be seen as a new language, now called Old English.
Middle English
See also: Middle English
Later Old English became heavily influenced by Old Norse, brought with later Northern European Viking invaders, most of them from Denmark. The subjugation of the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 by the Normans led to swift change for their language. Its status declined quickly, as Norman French became the exclusive language of court and government. Latin has long been studied in England, but under the Normans its use also increased. English was still the everyday language of most people, however, as the country had entered a period of diglossia where the 'high' languages of French and Latin co-existed in separate levels of society from the 'low' language of English. However, as the centuries passed, Norman lords and barons adopted ever-more English, and Norman French fell out of favour. By the end of the fourteenth century, Richard II of England had taken his kingly oath in his native English tongue, and the language was restored to the dominant position it had enjoyed prior to the conquest. After 300 years of Norman French and Latin, however, plus the continued influence of Scandinavian dialects, the language had absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from those languages, as well as shifting towards new patterns of syntax and phonology which would strongly distinguish Middle English from its later modern descendants.
Modern English
See also: Early Modern English
From about the middle of the fifteenth century, significant changes began in the phonology of English: the pronunciation of vowels in particular began to change. This 'Great Vowel Shift' saw the vowels of English move upwards in the mouth or diphthongise; for example, house was originally pronounced with the high back vowel [uː], as in ruse; it lowered and centralised slightly to [aʊ] over time, with the process most active in southern England and absent altogether in Scotland (where house is still [huːs]). In turn, as the highest vowels diphthongised, lower vowels moved up to replace them. The English lexicon also changed, with more words from Latin and modern French, plus a significant number from Greek. This has continued to the present day, with languages worldwide adding to the vocabulary of English.
Historical spread of English
The 'journey' of English around the world began with its movement throughout the British Isles, eventually becoming the language most commonly spoken throughout the modern states of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Meanwhile, the language reached North America though colonisation, and subsequently became widely spoken in Britain's colonies, such as the settlements of Australia and Canada. As these outposts developed in economic and political importance over the centuries, so the language became an essential lingua franca - to do business other peoples inside and outside the British Empire found it advantageous to learn English as a foreign or second language.
English as a global language
See also: Varieties of English
An example of written English.
Speakers
Today, English may be identified as a global language, due to its widespread use in business, the internet and amongst diverse groups of people who wish to overcome a language barrier. Estimates put the number of fluent speakers at upwards of half a billion,[1] a majority of whom are probably native speakers. However, there are many millions more with some knowledge of the language.
English as a threat to other languages
One argument concerning the apparent worldwide dominance of English is that it might be a threat to linguistic diversity, with many languages going extinct as speakers switch to English. However, evidence of this phenomenon is actually thin on the ground. Outside the 'English-speaking nations' (countries historically most closely associated with English, such as England, New Zealand and Australia), most speakers of English learn it in addition to or alongside a native language. In addition, English is by no means dominant in every sphere of influence; some evidence suggests that more blogs are written in Japanese,[2] for example, and other tongues enjoy lingua franca status in various regions of the world. French and German, for example, are still much-used in Europe, and Swahili remains an important language for cross-cultural communication in East Africa.
Contents[hide]
if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }
The History of English
Initially, Old English was a group of dialects reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. Because of the Viking raids and settlements in the north-eastern part of Britain from the late 8th century onward, the West-Saxon dialect, spoken in the only remaining free Anglo-Saxon kingdom (Wessex), naturally dominates the surviving written record. The Vikings, mostly from Denmark, but also to some extent from Norway, influenced the English language in the areas where they mixed with the Anglo-Saxon population.
Proto-English
The Germanic tribes who gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), traded with and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the process of the Germanic invasion of Europe from the East. Many Latin words for common objects therefore entered the vocabulary of these Germanic people even before any of these tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, dragon, fork, giant, gem, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, oil, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), soap, street, table, wall, and wine. The Romans also gave English words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, cat, chest, devil, dish, and sack.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around the year 449, Vortigern, King of the Britons, invited the "Angle kin" (Angles led by Hengest and Horsa) to help him in conflicts with the Picts. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the south-east of England. Further aid was sought, and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes). The Chronicle talks of a subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms, known as the heptarchy. Modern scholarship considers most of this story to be legendary, and politically motivated, and the identification of the tribes with the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes is no longer accepted as an accurate description (Myres, 1986, p. 46ff), especially since the Anglo-Saxon language is more similar to Frisian than any single one of the others.
Old English
See also: Old English
English emerged from many Germanic dialects that were brought by Germanic invaders from northwestern Europe, from what is now Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. The previous, mostly Celtic languages of the British Isles were largely driven westwards as their speakers retreated or intermingled with the new settlers, and today there is little evidence of their presence in the vocabulary of English. Eventually, the Saxon tribes of Wessex came to dominate, and it was their dialects that provided most of the foundations of what later came to be seen as a new language, now called Old English.
Middle English
See also: Middle English
Later Old English became heavily influenced by Old Norse, brought with later Northern European Viking invaders, most of them from Denmark. The subjugation of the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 by the Normans led to swift change for their language. Its status declined quickly, as Norman French became the exclusive language of court and government. Latin has long been studied in England, but under the Normans its use also increased. English was still the everyday language of most people, however, as the country had entered a period of diglossia where the 'high' languages of French and Latin co-existed in separate levels of society from the 'low' language of English. However, as the centuries passed, Norman lords and barons adopted ever-more English, and Norman French fell out of favour. By the end of the fourteenth century, Richard II of England had taken his kingly oath in his native English tongue, and the language was restored to the dominant position it had enjoyed prior to the conquest. After 300 years of Norman French and Latin, however, plus the continued influence of Scandinavian dialects, the language had absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from those languages, as well as shifting towards new patterns of syntax and phonology which would strongly distinguish Middle English from its later modern descendants.
Modern English
See also: Early Modern English
From about the middle of the fifteenth century, significant changes began in the phonology of English: the pronunciation of vowels in particular began to change. This 'Great Vowel Shift' saw the vowels of English move upwards in the mouth or diphthongise; for example, house was originally pronounced with the high back vowel [uː], as in ruse; it lowered and centralised slightly to [aʊ] over time, with the process most active in southern England and absent altogether in Scotland (where house is still [huːs]). In turn, as the highest vowels diphthongised, lower vowels moved up to replace them. The English lexicon also changed, with more words from Latin and modern French, plus a significant number from Greek. This has continued to the present day, with languages worldwide adding to the vocabulary of English.
Historical spread of English
The 'journey' of English around the world began with its movement throughout the British Isles, eventually becoming the language most commonly spoken throughout the modern states of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Meanwhile, the language reached North America though colonisation, and subsequently became widely spoken in Britain's colonies, such as the settlements of Australia and Canada. As these outposts developed in economic and political importance over the centuries, so the language became an essential lingua franca - to do business other peoples inside and outside the British Empire found it advantageous to learn English as a foreign or second language.
English as a global language
See also: Varieties of English
An example of written English.
Speakers
Today, English may be identified as a global language, due to its widespread use in business, the internet and amongst diverse groups of people who wish to overcome a language barrier. Estimates put the number of fluent speakers at upwards of half a billion,[1] a majority of whom are probably native speakers. However, there are many millions more with some knowledge of the language.
English as a threat to other languages
One argument concerning the apparent worldwide dominance of English is that it might be a threat to linguistic diversity, with many languages going extinct as speakers switch to English. However, evidence of this phenomenon is actually thin on the ground. Outside the 'English-speaking nations' (countries historically most closely associated with English, such as England, New Zealand and Australia), most speakers of English learn it in addition to or alongside a native language. In addition, English is by no means dominant in every sphere of influence; some evidence suggests that more blogs are written in Japanese,[2] for example, and other tongues enjoy lingua franca status in various regions of the world. French and German, for example, are still much-used in Europe, and Swahili remains an important language for cross-cultural communication in East Africa.
Senin, 08 September 2008
Shalat Tarawih
Shalat Tarawih (terkadang disebut teraweh atau taraweh) adalah shalat sunnat yang dilakukan khusus hanya pada bulan ramadhan. Tarawih dalam bahasa Arab adalah bentuk jama’ dari تَرْوِيْحَةٌ yang diartikan sebagai "waktu sesaat untuk istirahat". Waktu pelaksanaan shalat sunnat ini adalah selepas isya', biasanya dilakukan secara berjama'ah di masjid. Fakta menarik tentang shalat ini ialah bahwa Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam hanya pernah melakukannya secara berjama'ah dalam 3 kali kesempatan. Disebutkan bahwa Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam kemudian tidak melanjutkan pada malam-malam berikutnya karena takut hal itu akan menjadi diwajibkan kepada ummat muslim (lihat sub seksi hadits tentang tarawih).
Raka'at Shalat
Terdapat beberapa praktek tentang jumlah raka'at dan jumlah salam pada shalat tarawih, pada masa Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam jumlah raka'atnya adalah 8 raka'at dengan dilanjutkan 3 raka'at witir. Dan pada jaman khalifah Umar menjadi 20 raka'at dilanjutkan dengan 3 raka'at witir. Perbedaan pendapat menyikapi boleh tidaknya jumlah raka'at yang mencapai bilangan 20 itu adalah tema klasik yang bahkan bertahan hingga saat ini. Sedangkan mengenai jumlah salam praktek umum adalah salam tiap dua raka'at namun ada juga yang salam tiap empat raka'at. Sehingga bila akan menunaikan tarawih dalam 8 raka'at maka formasinya adalah salam tiap dua raka'at dikerjakan empat kali, atau salam tiap empat raka'at dikerjakan dua kali dan ditutup dengan witir tiga raka'at.
Niat Shalat
Niat shalat ini, sebagaimana juga shalat-shalat yang lain cukup diucapkan didalam hati, yang terpenting adalah niat hanya semata karena Allah Ta'ala semata dengan hati yang ikhlas dan mengharapkan Ridho Nya, apabila ingin dilafalkan jangan terlalu keras sehingga mengganggu Muslim lainnya, memang ada beberapa pendapat tentang niat ini gunakanlah dengan hikmah bijaksana.
Secara lengkap, niat shalat tarawih 2 rakaat adalah: " Ushalli sunnatat taraawiihi rak'ataini (ma'muman/imaaman) lillahi ta'aalaa"
ARTINYA: " Aku niat Shalat Tarawih dua rakaat ( menjadi makmum/imam) karena Allah Ta'ala"
Walaupun demikian, ada beberapa cara dalam mengerjakan salat Tarawih, salah satunya dengan formasi 2 kali 4 rakaat masing masing dengan sekali salam setiap selesai 4 rakaat. Oleh karena itu, dalam niat shalat tarawih, niatnya disesuaikan menjadi "arbaa raka'ataini".
Beberapa Hadits Terkait
“Sesungguhnya Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam pada suatu malam shalat di masjid lalu para sahabat mengikuti shalat Beliau, kemudian pada malam berikutnya (malam kedua) Beliau shalat maka manusia semakin banyak (yang mengikuti shalat Nabi n), kemudian mereka berkumpul pada malam ketiga atau malam keempat. Maka Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam tidak keluar pada mereka, lalu ketika pagi harinya Beliau bersabda: ‘Sungguh aku telah melihat apa yang telah kalian lakukan, dan tidaklah ada yang mencegahku keluar kepada kalian kecuali sesungguhnya aku khawatir akan diwajibkan pada kalian,’ dan (peristiwa) itu terjadi di bulan Ramadhan.” (Muttafaqun ‘alaih)
"Artinya : Dari Jabir bin Abdullah radyillahu 'anhum, ia berkata : Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam pernah shalat bersama kami di bulan Ramadhan (sebanyak) delapan raka'at dan witir (satu raka'at). Maka pada hari berikutnya kami berkumpul di masjid dan mengharap beliau keluar (untuk shalat), tetapi tidak keluar hingga masuk waktu pagi, kemudian kami masuk kepadanya, lalu kami berkata : Ya Rasulullah ! Tadi malam kami telah berkumpul di masjid dan kami harapkan engkau mau shalat bersama kami, maka sabdanya "Sesungguhnya aku khawatir (shalat itu) akan diwajibkan atas kamu sekalian".(Hadits Riwayat Thabrani dan Ibnu Nashr)
"Aku perhatikan shalat malam Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam, yaitu (Ia) shalat dua raka'at yang ringan, kemudian ia shalat dua raka'at yang panjang sekali, kemudian shalat dua raka'at, dan dua raka'at ini tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya, kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian witir satu raka'at, yang demikian adalah 13 raka'at".Diriwayatkan oleh Malik, Muslim, Abu Awanah, Abu Dawud dan Ibnu Nashr.
"Artinya : Dari Abi Salamah bin Abdurrahman bahwasanya ia bertanya kepada 'Aisyah radyillahu anha tentang shalat Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam di bulan Ramadhan. Maka ia menjawab ; Tidak pernah Rasulullah Shalallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam kerjakan (tathawwu') di bulan Ramadhan dan tidak pula di lainnya lebih dari sebelas raka'at 1) (yaitu) ia shalat empat (raka'at) jangan engkau tanya tentang bagus dan panjangnya, kemudian ia shalat empat (raka'at) 2) jangan engkau tanya panjang dan bagusnya kemudian ia shalat tiga raka'at".[Hadits Shahih Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim]
Raka'at Shalat
Terdapat beberapa praktek tentang jumlah raka'at dan jumlah salam pada shalat tarawih, pada masa Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam jumlah raka'atnya adalah 8 raka'at dengan dilanjutkan 3 raka'at witir. Dan pada jaman khalifah Umar menjadi 20 raka'at dilanjutkan dengan 3 raka'at witir. Perbedaan pendapat menyikapi boleh tidaknya jumlah raka'at yang mencapai bilangan 20 itu adalah tema klasik yang bahkan bertahan hingga saat ini. Sedangkan mengenai jumlah salam praktek umum adalah salam tiap dua raka'at namun ada juga yang salam tiap empat raka'at. Sehingga bila akan menunaikan tarawih dalam 8 raka'at maka formasinya adalah salam tiap dua raka'at dikerjakan empat kali, atau salam tiap empat raka'at dikerjakan dua kali dan ditutup dengan witir tiga raka'at.
Niat Shalat
Niat shalat ini, sebagaimana juga shalat-shalat yang lain cukup diucapkan didalam hati, yang terpenting adalah niat hanya semata karena Allah Ta'ala semata dengan hati yang ikhlas dan mengharapkan Ridho Nya, apabila ingin dilafalkan jangan terlalu keras sehingga mengganggu Muslim lainnya, memang ada beberapa pendapat tentang niat ini gunakanlah dengan hikmah bijaksana.
Secara lengkap, niat shalat tarawih 2 rakaat adalah: " Ushalli sunnatat taraawiihi rak'ataini (ma'muman/imaaman) lillahi ta'aalaa"
ARTINYA: " Aku niat Shalat Tarawih dua rakaat ( menjadi makmum/imam) karena Allah Ta'ala"
Walaupun demikian, ada beberapa cara dalam mengerjakan salat Tarawih, salah satunya dengan formasi 2 kali 4 rakaat masing masing dengan sekali salam setiap selesai 4 rakaat. Oleh karena itu, dalam niat shalat tarawih, niatnya disesuaikan menjadi "arbaa raka'ataini".
Beberapa Hadits Terkait
“Sesungguhnya Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam pada suatu malam shalat di masjid lalu para sahabat mengikuti shalat Beliau, kemudian pada malam berikutnya (malam kedua) Beliau shalat maka manusia semakin banyak (yang mengikuti shalat Nabi n), kemudian mereka berkumpul pada malam ketiga atau malam keempat. Maka Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam tidak keluar pada mereka, lalu ketika pagi harinya Beliau bersabda: ‘Sungguh aku telah melihat apa yang telah kalian lakukan, dan tidaklah ada yang mencegahku keluar kepada kalian kecuali sesungguhnya aku khawatir akan diwajibkan pada kalian,’ dan (peristiwa) itu terjadi di bulan Ramadhan.” (Muttafaqun ‘alaih)
"Artinya : Dari Jabir bin Abdullah radyillahu 'anhum, ia berkata : Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam pernah shalat bersama kami di bulan Ramadhan (sebanyak) delapan raka'at dan witir (satu raka'at). Maka pada hari berikutnya kami berkumpul di masjid dan mengharap beliau keluar (untuk shalat), tetapi tidak keluar hingga masuk waktu pagi, kemudian kami masuk kepadanya, lalu kami berkata : Ya Rasulullah ! Tadi malam kami telah berkumpul di masjid dan kami harapkan engkau mau shalat bersama kami, maka sabdanya "Sesungguhnya aku khawatir (shalat itu) akan diwajibkan atas kamu sekalian".(Hadits Riwayat Thabrani dan Ibnu Nashr)
"Aku perhatikan shalat malam Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam, yaitu (Ia) shalat dua raka'at yang ringan, kemudian ia shalat dua raka'at yang panjang sekali, kemudian shalat dua raka'at, dan dua raka'at ini tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya, kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian shalat dua raka'at (tidak sepanjang dua raka'at sebelumnya), kemudian witir satu raka'at, yang demikian adalah 13 raka'at".Diriwayatkan oleh Malik, Muslim, Abu Awanah, Abu Dawud dan Ibnu Nashr.
"Artinya : Dari Abi Salamah bin Abdurrahman bahwasanya ia bertanya kepada 'Aisyah radyillahu anha tentang shalat Rasulullah Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam di bulan Ramadhan. Maka ia menjawab ; Tidak pernah Rasulullah Shalallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam kerjakan (tathawwu') di bulan Ramadhan dan tidak pula di lainnya lebih dari sebelas raka'at 1) (yaitu) ia shalat empat (raka'at) jangan engkau tanya tentang bagus dan panjangnya, kemudian ia shalat empat (raka'at) 2) jangan engkau tanya panjang dan bagusnya kemudian ia shalat tiga raka'at".[Hadits Shahih Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim]
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